Relative Size (Monocular Cue)

A monocular cue of distance that states if two objects are similar in size, we perceive the one that casts the smaller retinal image to be farther away.

http://psych.hanover.edu/Krantz/art/scolls.jpg

The two men in the boats are assumed to be the same size when next to each other, so the one that is smaller in the painting seems farther away.

Relative Height (Monocular Cue)

A monocular cue in which we perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away.
Relative height also contributes to the illusion that vertical dimensions are longer than identical horizontal dimensions.

https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/1b/fc/ca/1bfccaccd787e07b225fa16ba38b8294.gif

In the picture, the horizon is indicated by the straight line that goes across the picture. The man located all the way to the left, closest to the top, seems farther away because he's higher in the field of vision. Meanwhile the one in the bottom right corner seems closer.

Perceptual Constancies: Brightness Constancy

We perceive an object as having constant lightness even while its illumination varies. Perceived lightness depends on the amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings.


Snow will reflect more light during the day than the middle of the night, but you can still the snow is white during the night. Even though the brightness varies during the two times of the day, our eyes and brains recognize the snow as the same color.

Relative Clarity (Monocular Cue)

A monocular cue which states that hazy objects are often perceived as farther away than clear objects.

http://www.brianmicklethwait.com/culture/monparl.jpg

In this painting, the slight haziness of the boats make them seem far away from the clearly painted dock, and the very faint buildings and bridge even farther away in the distance.

Perception of Movement: Stroboscopic Motion

The brain will perceive continuous movement in a rapid series of slightly varied images.  The motion between each image is constructed in our minds.

When a flip book is flipped, the previous image is replaced by another image that is a slightly altered version of the first.  In our minds this creates a "motion picture".  The brain sees these images as one rather than separate entities.

Figure-Ground Perception

A type of perceptual grouping which is a vital necessity for recognizing objects through vision. You see the foreground of an image and everything else that forms around it is just the background. 

At first you just see pillars, and then with a closer look, you see the people in it

Proximity

Objects near each other are grouped together.

In this picture the girls are grouped together and the boys are grouped together because of their proximity to one another.